Inclusion in the Metaverse Begins with Technical Access

Discussions about inclusion in the metaverse often emphasise identity and representation, but technical design plays an equally decisive role. Participation in immersive environments depends on access to devices, connectivity, and systems that are usable across a wide range of bodies and abilities. These technical conditions determine who can enter immersive environments and participate on equal terms. Inclusion must therefore be evaluated based on real-world usability across different devices and technical conditions, not only under ideal circumstances.

Hardware represents one of the most significant barriers because it determines both access and quality of participation. Immersive platforms require devices that integrate visual displays, motion tracking, audio systems, and network connectivity, increasing cost and technical complexity. As devices become more technologically advanced, they often become more expensive, which can further limit access. When participation depends on expensive headsets, high-performance hardware, or stable broadband connections, exclusion is embedded in the infrastructure. Expanding compatibility with lower-cost and mobile devices can reduce these barriers and broaden participation, particularly where access to specialised hardware or reliable connectivity is limited.

Hardware also shapes whether participation can be sustained over time. Factors such as headset weight, motion sensitivity, and sensory intensity affect whether users can engage without discomfort or fatigue. Hardware must be adjustable to different sensory and physical needs, as fixed configurations can restrict usability. Interaction systems that rely on precise hand tracking, standing movement, or rapid gestures may exclude users with different physical or cognitive profiles. Device compatibility is equally important, as systems designed around narrow physical assumptions may not work effectively with assistive technologies or alternative input methods. Visual representation alone does not ensure inclusion if hardware and interaction systems do not support diverse abilities.

Accessibility must also address cognitive and sensory conditions of use. Visual intensity, audio environments, interface complexity, and interaction speed can affect whether users are able to participate safely and comfortably. Cognitive and sensory accessibility, particularly for neurodivergent users, remains underexplored. Without deliberate design, immersive environments risk privileging a limited range of users.

Technical inclusion also depends on platform architecture. Interoperability, or the ability to move between platforms without losing identity, data, or access, affects long-term participation. Ensuring compatibility and simplicity across platforms is essential, as fragmented or technically complex systems can create additional barriers. Closed or incompatible systems can restrict user mobility and continuity. Similarly, privacy and safety protections are technical features that shape trust and participation.

As immersive systems become more technologically advanced, they risk serving only those with the necessary resources and technical conditions. Inclusion must therefore be built into the technical foundations of immersive environments. This includes designing for accessibility from the outset, supporting diverse devices and assistive technologies, ensuring interoperability, and reducing dependence on costly or restrictive hardware. Without these measures, immersive environments may reproduce existing digital inequalities rather than expand participation.

This article forms part of the work carried out within NEOLAiA Work Package 3 (WP3), which explores pathways towards more inclusive and responsible immersive environments.